World Wide Web Frequently Asked Questions
This document resides on the World Wide Web on Sunsite
(URL is
http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/faq/www_faq.html
).
If you are unfamiliar with the term "URL", read on and learn!
Last update: 1/23/95
Contents
(Up to Table of Contents)
This is an
introduction to the World Wide Web project, describing the concepts,
software and access methods. It is aimed at people who know a little about
navigating the Internet, but want to know more about WWW specifically. If
you don't think you are up to this level, try an introductory Internet book
such as Ed Krol's "The Whole Internet" or "EFF's Guide to the Internet". The
latter is available electronically by anonymous FTP from
ftp.eff.org in
the directory pub/Net_info/EFF_Net_Guide.
This informational document is posted to
news.answers,
comp.infosystems.www.users,
comp.infosystems.www.providers
,
comp.infosystems.www.announce,
comp.infosystems.www.misc,
comp.infosystems.gopher,
comp.infosystems.wais and
alt.hypertext every four days (please allow
a day or two for it to propagate to your site). The latest and best version
is always available on the web as
http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/faq/www_faq.html , and is mirrored in
Japan (URL is
http://www.glocom.ac.jp/mirror/sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/faq/www_faq.html
).
(see section 3.2, "What is a URL?" to understand what
this term means.) If you run a mirror site which automatically mirrors this
document, please submit the URL for inclusion in the list of mirrors. Thanks
to both Sunsite and Glocom.
This document is also available by anonymous FTP from ftp.netcom.com in
the directory pub/bo/boutell/faq.
In addition, the most recently posted version of this document is kept
on the
news.answers archive
on rtfm.mit.edu in
/pub/usenet/news.a
nswers/www/faq. For information on FTP, send e-mail to
mail-server at rtfm.mit.edu with:
send usenet/news.answers/finding-sources
in the body (not
subject line) of your message, instead of asking me.
If you want the HTML version but are located behind a firewall, you can
acquire it from
CERN's WWW email server. Send mail to
listproc at www0.cern.ch with the following single line in the body (leave the
subject blank):
source http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/faq/www_faq.html
Thomas Boutell
maintains this document. Feedback about it is to be sent via e-mail to
boutell at netcom.com.
In all cases, regard this document as out of date. Definitive
information should be on the web, and static versions such as this should be
considered unreliable at best. The most up-to-date version of the FAQ is the
version maintained on the web. Please excuse any formatting inconsistencies
in the posted version of this document, as it is automatically generated
from the on-line version.
(Up to Table of Contents)
3: Elementary questions
WWW stands for "World Wide Web". The WWW project,
started by
CERN (the European Laboratory for
Particle Physics), seeks to build a distributed hypermedia system.
The advantage of hypertext is that in a hypertext document, if you want
more information about a particular subject mentioned, you can usually "just
click on it" to read further detail. In fact, documents can be and often are
linked to other documents by completely different authors -- much like
footnoting, but you can get the referenced document instantly!
To access the web, you run a
browser program. The browser reads documents, and
can fetch documents from other sources. Information providers set up
hypermedia
servers which browsers can get documents from.
The browsers can, in addition, access files by
FTP,
NNTP (the Internet news protocol),
gophe
r and
an
ever-increasing range of other methods. On top of these, if the server
has search capabilities, the browsers will permit
searches
of documents and databases.
The documents that the browsers display are hypertext documents.
Hypertext is text with pointers to other text. The browsers let you deal
with the pointers in a transparent way -- select the pointer, and you are
presented with the text that is pointed to.
Hypermedia is a superset of hypertext -- it is any medium with pointers
to other media. This means that browsers might not display a text file, but
might display images or sound or animations.
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URL stands for "Uniform Resource
Locator". It is a draft standard for
specifyin
g an object on the Internet, such as a file or newsgroup.
URLs look like this: (file: and ftp: URLs are synonymous.)
- file://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors/msdos/graphics/gifkit.zip
- ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/mirrors
- http://info.cern.ch:80/default.html
- news:alt.hypertext
- telnet://dra.com
The first part of the URL, before the colon, specifies the access
method. The part of the URL after the colon is interpreted specific to the
access method. In general, two slashes after the colon indicate a machine
name (machine:port is also valid).
When you are told to "check out this URL", what to do next depends on
your browser; please check the help for your particular browser. For the
line-mode browser at CERN, which you will quite possibly use first via
telnet, the command to try a URL is "GO URL" (substitute the actual URL of
course). In Lynx you just select the "GO" link on the first page you see; in
graphical browsers, there's usually an "Open URL" option in the menus.
(Up to Table of Contents)
Documents on the
World Wide Web are written in a simple "markup language" called HTML, which
stands for Hypertext Markup Language. See
section 5.3 for more information about creating
HTML documents for use on the web.
SGML is a much broader language which is used to define particular
markup languages for particular purposes. HTML is just a specific
application of SGML. You can learn more about SGML, and the rationale behind
HTML, by reading A Gentle Introduction to SGML (URL is
http://etext.virginia.edu/bin/tei-tocs?div=DIV1%26id=SG ), a document
provided by the Text Encoding Initiative. (
Note: Some browsers apparently crash on this URL. There's nothing
wrong with the document; try another browser if you have problems.)
(Up to Table of Contents)
While all three of these information presentation systems are client-server
based, they differ in terms of their model of data. In gopher, data is
either a menu, a document, an index or a telnet connection. In WAIS,
everything is an index and everything that is returned from the index is a
document. In WWW, everything is a (possibly) hypertext document which may be
searchable.
In practice, this means that WWW can represent the gopher (a menu is a
list of links, a gopher document is a hypertext document without links,
searches are the same, telnet sessions are the same) and WAIS (a WAIS index
is a searchable page, returning a document with no links) data models as
well as providing extra functionality.
World Wide Web usage grew far beyond Gopher usage in the last few
months, according to the statistics-keepers of the Internet backbone. (Of
course, World Wide Web browsers can also access Gopher servers, which
inflates the numbers for the latter.) WWW has long since reached critical
mass, with new commercial and noncommercial sites appearing daily.
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Yes, quite a few. A brief list follows.
New entries are solicited. Please include ISBN numbers and/or
ordering information.
- The Mosaic Handbook (Mac, Windows and X editions)
- From O'Reilly. A short, sweet guide to the World Wide Web from a Mosaic
user's perspective. Mac and Windows versions Include Enhanced NCSA Mosaic on
floppy disk; the X Window System version includes NCSA Mosaic on CD-ROM.
Telnet or gopher to gopher.ora.com (log in as gopher) or find details on the
web (URL is
http://gnn.com/ora/ ). Wherever fine X
Window System books and Nutshell Guides are sold.
- The World Wide Web Unleashed
- From Sams Publishing. By John December and Neil Randall. Additional
chapters contributed by others; I wrote the chapter on HTML editors and
filters. Covers both user and provider issues in detail. Supporting pages
available on the web (URL is
http://www.rpi.edu/~decemj/works/wwwu.html ). 1057 pages. ISBN:
0-672-30617-4. Call 1-800-428-5331 or +1-317-581-3500 for ordering
information.
- Spinning the Web: How to Provide Information on the Internet
- From Van Nostrand Reinhold. By Andrew Ford. Oriented toward those with
an interest in putting their data on the web. ISBN: 1-850-32141-8 (New
York), 0-442-01962-9 (London). Available in December 1994.
- Teach Yourself Web Publishing with HTML in a Week
- From Sams Publishing. By Laura Lemay. Also oriented toward those who
plan to publish materials on the web. ISBN: 0-672-30667-0. 400 pages.
Includes information on setting up servers and handling forms results as
well as HTML writing and editing.
(URL is:
http://slack.lne.com/lemay/theBook/index.html ) Available December 22nd,
1994. Call 1-800-428-5331 or +1-317-581-3500 for ordering information.
- The HTML Manual of Style
- From Ziff-Davis Press. By Larry Aronson. Chapters: introduction to the
WWW, the HTML language, writing HTML documents, and HTML examples. 120
pages. Available in December 1994.
- The Internet via Mosaic and World-Wide Web
- From Ziff-Davis Press. By Steve Browne. Details on obtaining Mosaic and
Trumpet Winsock, getting it all set up, and what to do with it once it
works. A chapter of interesting sites on the Web as well. ISBN:
1-56276-259-1.
- MOSAIC Quick Tour
- From Ventana Press. By Gareth Branwyn. A good guide to installing and
using NCSA Mosaic under Windows. Includes basic HTML and trouble-shooting
chapters. "More hand-holding than the FAQ and gives lots of details." - Mari
J. Stoddard
- Managing Internet Information Services
- From O'Reilly and Associates. By Cricket Liu, Jerry Peek, Russ Jones,
Bryan Buus & Adrian Nye. A good choice for those who will be installing
and maintaining WWW servers; also includes documentation on HTML, imagemaps
and the like. Also covers other types of Internet services.
- Hands-On Mosaic: A Guide for Window Users
- From Prentice Hall. By Dr. David Sachs & Henry Stair. ISBN:
0-13-172321-9.
- HTML Authoring for Fun & Profit
- From Prentice Hall. By Mary Morris. Jan 1995. ISBN: 0-13-359290-1.
- NCSA Mosaic Handbook
- From Prentice Hall. By Amy K. Kreiling & Frank Baker. Jan 1995.
ISBN: 0-13-196692-8.
- Plug-n-Play Mosaic for Windows
- From Sams. By Angela Gunn. ISBN 0-672-30627-1. 300 pages. Disks include
a special version of Enhanced NCSA Mosaic for Windows with built-in TCP/IP
Winsock and dialer, and an automated configuration program (hence
"plug-n-play"). The book is an introduction to Mosaic and the Web with some
coverage of creating a home page and HTML and, of course, the obligatory
directory of Web sites.
- Using Mosaic
- From Que. Ed. by Que Development Group. ISBN: 0-7897-0021-2. Covers NCSA
Mosaic for Windows and the Macintosh.
- Using the World Wide Web
- From Que. Ed. by Que Development Group. ISBN: 0-7897-0016-6.
- Mosaic User's Guide
- From MIS Press. By Bryan Pfaffenberger. ISBN: 1-55828-409-5.
- Using Mosaic for Windows
- From Electric Avenue Press. By Stephen Gauer. ISBN: 0-969-8853-0-X.
(Up to Table of Contents)
You have three options: use a browser on your own machine (the best option),
use a browser that can be telnetted to (not as good), or access the web by
email (the least attractive, but for some it's the only way). It is always
best to run a browser on your own machine, unless you absolutely cannot do
so; but feel free to telnet to a browser for your first look at the web, or
use email if the telnet command does not work on your system (
try it first!). Note that "your machine" can be defined as a system
you dial into from home, such as netcom or another account provider. Running
a text-based browser on such a system is still preferable to telnetting to a
faraway site.
The following sections cover telnetting to a browser
and obtaining your own browser; if neither of these are possible for you
(because you have only an email-and-news connection to the Internet), here
is how to access a web page by email:
Send email to
server at mail.w3.org
(preferred) or to
listserv at info.cern.ch
(older address if the first fails)
containing the following single line. (What you put on the subject line
doesn't matter; blank is OK. This line should go in the text of the
message.) You will receive as a reply a simple page intended to help you
learn more about the Web.
send http://www.earn.net/gnrt/www.html
(Up to Table of Contents)
An up-to-date
list of these is available on the Web as
http://info.cern.
ch/hypertext/WWW/FAQ/Bootstrap.html and should be regarded as an
authoritative list.
- telnet.w3.org
- A telnettable browser provided by the W3 coalition.
- www.cc.ukans.edu
- Offers Lynx, a full screen browser which requires a vt100 terminal. Log
in as www. Does not allow users to "go" to arbitrary URLs, so
GET YOUR OWN COPY of Lynx and install it on your system
if your administrator has not done so already. The best plain-text browser,
so move mountains if necessary to get your own copy of Lynx!
- www.njit.edu
- (or telnet 128.235.163.2) Log in as www. A full-screen browser in New
Jersey Institute of Technology. USA.
- www.huji.ac.il
- A dual-language Hebrew/English database, with links to the rest of the
world. The line mode browser, plus extra features. Log in as www. Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Israel.
- sun.uakom.cs
- Slovakia. Has a slow link, only use from nearby.
- info.funet.fi
- (or telnet 128.214.6.102). Log in as www. Offers several browsers,
including Lynx (goto option is disabled there also).
- fserv.kfki.hu
- Hungary. Has slow link, use from nearby. Login is as www.
(Up to Table of Contents)
The preferred method of
access of the Web is to run a browser yourself. Browsers are available for
many platforms, both in source and executable forms. Here is a list
generated from the authoritative list,
http://info.cern.ch/hyp
ertext/WWW/Clients.html .
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NOTE: Most of these browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other
TCP/IP networking on your PC. The sole exception is
SlipKnot, which has limited features but operates
well without a proper Internet connection. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished
over phone lines. You can do this one of two ways: using a proper SLIP
account, which requires the active cooperation of your network provider or
educational institution, or using
The Internet Adapter (section 4.12), a product which
simulates SLIP through your dialup Unix shell account. If you only have
non-Unix based dialup shell access, or have no PC at home, your best option
at this time is to run
Lynx on the VMS (or Unix, or...) system you call, or
telnet to a browser if you cannot do so.
-
Cello
- Browser from Cornell LII. Available by anonymous FTP from
ftp.law.cornell.edu
in the directory /pub/LII/cello.
-
Mosaic
for Windows
- From NCSA. Available by anonymous FTP from
ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu
in the directory PC/Windows/Mosaic.
-
WinWeb
- From EINet. Available by anonymous FTP from
ftp.einet.net in the
directory /einet/pc/winweb as the file winweb.zip.
-
Netscape
- From Netscape Communications Corp (URL is:
http://home.mcom.com/info/index.html ). Downloads and displays images
incrementally while you read pages, which also display incrementally, making
it the best browser at the time of this writing for those who connect to the
web via modems. Also supports many extensions to HTML, although not all
conform to the
proposed standard. Netscape is a commercial product
but can be evaluated free of charge for an unlimited period of time by
individuals. Netscape supports some of the official extended HTML tags as
well as its own variations. The 16-bit version works under both OS/2 and
Windows. Available by anonymous FTP from the following sites (use the mirror
closest to you; see the URL above for the latest list):
-
Spry Mosaic
- From Spry. Available by anonymous FTP from
ftp.spry.com in the
directory AirMosaicDemo as the file AMOSDEMO.EXE. Spry Mosaic is a
commercial product but a demonstration version is available and can be
registered inexpensively. Works under Windows and OS/2. Supports the mailto:
URL, transparent GIFs, ALT tags, hierarchical hotlists, etc.
-
Booklink
- From Booklink. Available by anonymous FTP from
ftp.booklink.com in the directory
lite
; this is a demonstration version of the full browser,
which costs $99. Booklink can open many simultaneous connections in
different windows and display images and pages progressively; at the time of
this writing it is the only browser to equal Netscape in this area. The
"lite" version can only open two simultaneous connections, however.
-
SlipKnot
- SlipKnot is the only graphical WWW browser that operates entirely
without SLIP, PPP, an Ethernet connection, or special server-side software
(but consider
TIA, section 4.12 for another workaround). SlipKnot
supports multiple fonts, inline images, and review of documents you have
already received while new documents arrive, and it operates entirely
through your regular Unix shell account. SlipKnot does
not require that you install any new software on your Unix
shell account. (However, it is lacking certain important features as a
result, such as forms and validation; this will keep you from accessing some
web pages. SlipKnot does support the <ISINDEX> tag, which many sites
support as a simpler alternative to forms.) You can obtain SlipKnot by
anonymous FTP from ftp.netcom.com in the directory
pub/pbrooks/slipknot or from oak.oakland.edu in the directory
SimTel/win3/in
ternet. For more information, see the SlipKnot information page (URL is
http://www.interport.net/slipknot/slipknot.html ) or send a blank email
message to slipknot at micromind.com.
-
IBM
OS/2 WebExplorer
- A native IBM OS/2 web browser. WebExplorer is a multithreaded
application and replaces the usual "back" and "forward" buttons with a
visual map of your exploration of the web. IBM WebExplorer can be acquired
by anonymous FTP from ftp01.ny.us.ibm.net in the directory pub/WebExplorer/
.
(Up to Table of Contents)
NOTE: These browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other TCP/IP
networking on your PC. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished over phone lines. You
can do this one of two ways: using a proper SLIP account, which requires the
active cooperation of your network provider or educational institution, or
using
The Internet Adapter (section 4.12), a product which
simulates SLIP through your dialup Unix shell account. If you only have
non-Unix based dialup shell access, or have no PC at home, your best option
at this time is to run
Lynx on the VMS (or Unix, or...) system you call, or
telnet to a browser if you cannot do so.
-
DosLynx
- DosLynx is an excellent text-based browser for use on DOS systems. You
must have a level 1 packet driver, or an emulation thereof, or you will only
be able to browse local files; essentially, if your PC has an Ethernet
connection, or you have SLIP, you should be able to use it. DosLynx can view
GIF images, but not when they are inline images (as of this writing). See
the README.HTM file at the DosLynx site for details. You can obtain DosLynx
by anonymous FTP from ftp2.cc.ukans.edu in the directory pub/WWW/DosLynx;
the URL is
ftp://ftp2.cc.ukans.edu/pub/WWW/DosLynx/.
(Up to Table of Contents)
NOTE: These browsers require that you have SLIP, PPP or other TCP/IP
networking on your PC. SLIP or PPP can be accomplished over phone lines. You
can do this one of two ways: using a proper SLIP account, which requires the
active cooperation of your network provider or educational institution, or
using
The Internet Adapter (section 4.12), a product which
simulates SLIP through your dialup Unix shell account. If you only have
non-Unix based dialup shell access, or have no PC at home, your best option
at this time is to run
Lynx on the VMS (or Unix, or...) system you call, or
telnet to a browser if you cannot do so.
-
Mosaic for Macintosh
- From NCSA. Full featured. Available by anonymous FTP from
ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the
directory Mac/Mosaic.
-
Netscape
- From Netscape Communications Corp (URL is:
http://home.mcom.com/info/index.html ). Downloads and displays images
incrementally while you read pages, which also display incrementally, making
it the best browser at the time of this writing for those who connect to the
web via modems. Also supports many extensions to HTML, although not all
conform to the
proposed standard. Netscape is a commercial product
but can be evaluated free of charge for an unlimited period of time by
individuals. Available by anonymous FTP from the following sites (use the
mirror closest to you; see the URL above for the latest list):
-
Samba
- From CERN. Basic. Available by anonymous FTP from
info.cern.ch in the
directory /ftp/pub/www/bin as the file mac.
-
MacWeb
- From
EINet. Has features
that Mosaic lacks; lacks some features that Mosaic has. Available by
anonymous FTP from
ftp.einet.net in the
directory einet/mac/macweb.
(Up to Table of Contents)
-
AMosaic
- Browser for AmigaOS, based on NCSA's Mosaic. Supports older Amigas as
well as the newer machines in the latest versions; available for anonymous
ftp from max.physics.sunysb.edu in the directory /pub/amosaic, or from
aminet sites in /pub/aminet/comm/net. see the site for details. See the URL
http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/AMosaic/home.html .
-
Emacs-W3
- The Emacs-W3 browser works under Gnu Emacs on the Amiga (see section
4.3.7).
(Up to Table of Contents)
Note: NeXTStep systems can also run
X-based browsers using one of the widely used X
server products for the NeXT. The browsers listed here, by contrast, are
native NeXTStep applications.
- SpiderWoman
- A brand-new (as of 12/94), multithreaded, graphical browser for
NeXTStep. Available by anonymous FTP from sente.epfl.ch in the directory
pub/software.
-
OmniWeb
- A World Wide Web browser for NeXTStep. The URL for more information is
http://www.omnigroup.com/; you can
ftp the package from ftp.omnigroup.com in the /pub/software/ directory.
-
WorldWideWeb,
CERN's NeXT Browser-Editor
- A browser/editor for NeXTStep.
Currently out of date; editor not operational. Allows
wysiwyg hypertext editing. Requires NeXTStep 3.0. Available for anonymous
FTP from
info.cern.ch in the
directory /pub/www/src.
(Up to Table of Contents)
-
NCSA Mosaic for X
- Unix browser using X11/Motif. The original multimedia browser. Full
http 1.0 support including PUT-method forms, image maps, etc. Recent beta
versions have limited support for tables. Available by anonymous FTP from
ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the
directory Mosaic.
-
NCSA Mosaic for VMS
- Browser using X11/DecWindows/Motif. For the VMS operating system. Full
http 1.0 support including PUT-method forms, image maps, etc. Probably the
best browser available for VMS. Available by anonymous FTP from
ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in the
directory Mosaic.
-
Netscape
- From Netscape Communications Corp (URL is:
http://home.mcom.com/info/index.html ). Downloads and displays images
incrementally while you read pages, which also display incrementally, making
it the best browser at the time of this writing for those who connect to the
web via modems. Also supports many extensions to HTML, although not all
conform to the
proposed standard. Netscape is a commercial product
but can be evaluated free for an indefinite period of time by individuals.
use by individuals. Version 0.9 (available to the Available by anonymous FTP
from the following sites (use the mirror closest to you; see the URL above
for the latest list):
-
Quadralay
GWHIS Viewer (Commercial Mosaic)
- Quadralay offers a commercial-grade (not free!) version of Mosaic for
Unix systems, with Windows and Macintosh versions expected in the future.
(URL is:
http://www.quadralay.com/products/products.html#gwhis
)
-
tkWWW
Browser/Editor for X11
- Unix Browser/Editor for X11. (Beta test version.) Available for
anonymous ftp from
harbor.ecn.purdue.edu in the directory tkwww[extension] (followed by an
extension possibly dependent on the current version). Please ftp to the site
and look for the latest version (or use the link above). Supports WSYIWYG
HTML editing.
-
MidasWWW Browser
- A Unix/X browser from Tony Johnson. (Beta, works well.)
-
Viola for X (Beta)
- Viola has two versions for Unix/X: one using Motif, one using Xlib (no
Motif). Handles HTML Level 3 forms and tables. Has extensions for multiple
columning, collapsible/expandable list, client-side document include.
Available by anonymous FTP from ora.com in /pub/www/viola. More information
available at the URL
http://xcf.berkeley.edu/ht/projects/viola/README.
-
Chimera
- Unix/X Browser using Athena (doesn't require Motif). Supports forms,
inline images, etc.; closest to Mosaic in feel of the non-Motif X11
browsers. Available for anonymous FTP from
ftp.cs.unlv.edu in the
directory /pub/chimera.
- Emacs w3 mode
- The Emacs w3 mode supports multiple fonts, color, inline images,
movies, and the whole nine yards when run under a graphical version of
emacs; see
section 4.3.7.
-
Arena
- Arena's primary purpose is to be a testbed for
HTML Level 3 documents. As a result, Arena supports
many of the new and interesting features of HTML Level 3. As of this writing
it is still in prerelease and expectations should be set accordingly!
Available by anonymous FTP from ftp.w3.org in the directory pub/www/arena/ .
(Up to Table of Contents)
These are text-based browsers for Unix (and in some cases also VMS)
systems. In many cases your system administrator will have already installed
one or more of these packages; check before compiling your own copy.
-
Line Mode
Browser
- This program gives W3 readership to anyone with a dumb terminal. A
general purpose information retrieval tool. Available by anonymous ftp from
info.cern.ch in the directory
/pub/www/src.
-
The "Lynx" full screen browser
- This is a hypertext browser for vt100s using full screen, arrow keys,
highlighting, etc. Available by anonymous FTP from
ftp2.cc.ukans.edu.
-
Tom Fine's
perlWWW
- A tty-based browser written in perl. Available by anonymous FTP from
archive.cis.ohio-state.edu in the directory pub/w3browser as the file
w3browser-0.1.shar.
-
For
VMS
- Dudu Rashty's full screen client based on VMS's SMG screen management
routines. Available by anonymous FTP from
vms.huji.ac.il in the directory
www/www_client.
-
Emacs w3-mode
- A WWW browser for emacs. Runs under Xwindows, NeXTstep, VMS, OS/2,
Windows NT, Windows 3.1, AmigaDOS, or just about any Unix system. Also has
fonts, color, inline images, and mouse support if using Lemacs, Epoch, or
Emacs 19. Also works in local mode under DOS and on the Macintosh. Available
by anonymous ftp from
ftp.cs.indiana.edu in
the directory pub/elisp/w3.
(Up to Table of Contents)
-
Albert
- A WWW browser for the VM/CMS operating system. Available by anonymous
FTP from
gopher.ufl.edu in the
directory pub/vm/www/.
(Up to Table of Contents)
-
Batch mode
browser
- A batch-mode "browser", url_get, which is available through the URL
http://www.utexas.edu/~zippy/url_get.html . It can be retrieved via
anonymous FTP to ftp.cc.utexas.edu, as the file /pub/zippy/url_get.tar.Z.
This package is intended for use in cron jobs and other settings in which
fetching a page in a command-line fashion is useful.
(Up to Table of Contents)
A "proxy server" is a specialized HTTP server which (typically) runs
on a firewall machine, providing access to the outside world for people
inside the firewall.
The CERN httpd can be configured to
run as a proxy. Furthermore, it is able to perform caching of documents,
resulting in faster response times.
If you cannot arrange to run a proxy server (definitely the recommended
approach), read on:
For information on using NCSA Mosaic from behind a firewall, please read
the following. In general, browsers can be made useful behind firewalls
through the use of a package called "SOCKS"; the source must be modified
slightly and rebuilt to accommodate this. Whenever possible, work
with your network administrators to solve the problem, not against
them.
An excerpt from the NCSA Mosaic FAQ:
NCSA Mosaic requires a direct internet connection to work, but some
folks have put together a package that works behind firewalls. This is
completely unsupported by NCSA, but here is the latest
announcement:
November 15, 1993: C&C Software Technology Center (CSTC) of NEC
Systems Lab has made available a version of SOCKS, a package for running
Internet clients from behind firewalls without breaching security
requirements, that includes a suitably modified version of Mosaic for X 2.0.
Beware: such a version is not supported by NCSA; we can't help with
questions or problems arising from the modifications made by others.
But, we encourage you to check it out if it's interesting to you. Questions
and problem notifications can be sent to Ying-Da Lee (
ylee at syl.dl.nec.com).
(Up to Table of Contents)
Currently accessible
through the web:
- anything served through gopher
- anything served through WAIS
- anything on an FTP site
- anything on Usenet
- anything accessible through telnet
- anything in hytelnet
- anything in hyper-g
- anything in techinfo
- anything in texinfo
- anything in the form of man pages
- sundry hypertext documents
(Up to Table of Contents)
- comp.infosystems.www.announce
- The newsgroup
comp.infosystems.www.announce carries announcements of new resources on
the World Wide Web. Since newsgroups are distributed, it can be accessed
reliably even when the net is very busy.
- What's New With NCSA Mosaic
- The unofficial newspaper of the World Wide Web is
What's New With NCSA Mosaic (URL is
http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/whats-new.html ), which
carries announcements of new servers on the web and also of new web-related
tools. This should be in your hot list if you're not using Mosaic (which can
access it directly through the help menu).
- comp.internet.net-happinings
- You can also check out the newsgroup
comp.internet.net-happenings, which carries WWW announcements and many
other Internet-related announcements.
(Up to Table of Contents)
There are several. There is no mechanism inherent in the web which forces
the creation of a single catalog (although there is work underway on
automatic mechanisms to catalog web sites). The best-known catalog, and the
first, is
The WWW Virtual Library (URL is
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/DataSources/bySubject/Overview.html ),
maintained by CERN. The Virtual Library is a good place to find resources on
a particular subject, and has separate maintainers for many subject areas.
There is also a newer cataloging system called
ALIWEB that
requires very little effort to maintain and is growing rapidly (URL is
http://web.nexor.co.uk/aliweb/doc/aliweb.html ).
(Up to Table of Contents)
Several people have written robots which create indexes of web sites --
including sites which have not arranged to be mentioned in the newspapers
and catalogs above. (Before writing your own robot, please
read the section on robots.)
Here are a few such automatic indexes you can search:
-
WebCrawler (URL is
http://webcrawler.cs.washington.edu/WebCrawler/WebQuery.html ) builds an
impressively complete index; on the other hand, since it indexes the content
of documents, it may find many links that aren't exactly what you had in
mind. However, it does a good job of sorting the documents it finds
according to how closely they match your search.
-
World Wide Web
Worm (URL is http://www.cs.colorado.edu/home/mcbryan/WWWW.html ) builds
its index based on page titles and URL contents only. This is somewhat less
inclusive, but pages it finds are more likely to be an exact match with your
needs.
-
Lycos (URL is
http://fuzine.mt.cs.cmu.edu/mlm/lycos-home.html ) is another web-indexing
robot, which includes the ability to submit the URLs of your own documents
by hand, ensuring that they are available for searching.
You can read
about other robots in the
robots section.
(Up to Table of Contents)
Here are two ways:
1. Turn on "load to local disk" in your browser, if it has such an
option; then reload images. You'll be prompted for filenames instead of
seeing them on the screen. Be sure to shut it off when you're done with it.
2. Choose "view source" and browse through the HTML source; find the URL
for the inline image of interest to you; copy and paste it into the "Open
URL" window. This should load it into your image viewer instead, where you
can save it and otherwise muck about with it.
(Up to Table of Contents)
This piece of wisdom donated by Hunter Monroe:
This section explains how to install sound on a PC which already has a
working version of Mosaic for Microsoft Windows. Be warned in advance that
the results may be poor.
To get Mosaic to produce sound out of the PC speaker, first, you need a
driver for the speaker. You can
get the
Microsoft speaker driver from the URL
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com/Softlib/MSLFILES/SPEAK.EXE or by doing an Archie
search to find it somewhere else. SPEAK.EXE is a self-extracting file. Copy
the speak.exe file to a new directory, and then type "SPEAK" at the DOS
prompt. Do not put the file SPEAKER.DRV in a separate directory from
OEMSETUP.INF.
Now, you need to install the driver. In Windows, from the Program
Manager choose successively Main/Control Panel/Drivers/Add/Unlisted or
updated drivers/(enter path of SPEAK.EXE)/PC Speaker. At this point some
strange sounds come out as the driver is initialized. Change the settings to
improve the sound quality on the various sounds: tada, chimes, etc. Click OK
when you are finished and choose the Restart windows option.
Having installed the speaker driver, you will now get sounds whenever
you start Windows, make a mistake, or exit Windows. If you do not want this,
from the Main/Control Panel/Sounds menu, make sure there is no X next to
"Enable System Sounds."
Now, you need a sound viewer program that Mosaic can call to display
sounds. NCSA unfortunately recommend WHAM, which does not work well with a
PC speaker. Get the program WPLANY instead. You can find a copy nearby with
an Archie search on the string "wplny"; the current version is WPLNY09B.ZIP.
For details on archie and other basic issues related to FTP, please read the
Usenet newsgroup
news.announce.newusers.
Move the zip file to a new directory, and use an unzip program like
pkunzip to unzip it, producing the files WPLANY.EXE and WPLANY.DOC. Then
edit the MOSAIC.INI file to remove the "REM" before the line
"TYPE9=audio/basic". Then, you need lines in the section below that read
something like: audio/basic="c:\wplany\wplany.exe %ls"
audio/wav="c:\wplany\wplany.exe %ls" where you have filled in the correct
path for wplany.exe. The MOSAIC.INI file delivered with Mosaic may have
NOTEPAD.EXE on the audio/basic line, but this will not work. Now, restart
Mosaic, and you should now be able to produce sounds. To check this, with
Mosaic choose File/Local File/\WINDOWS\*.WAV and then try to play TADA.WAV.
Then, you might try the Mosaic Demo document for some .AU sounds, but you
are lucky if your speaker produces something you can understand.
(Up to Table of Contents)
This answer provided by Michael Grady (m-grady at uiuc.edu):
The version of Mosaic for X has "wais client" code built-in to it. This
was relatively easy for the developers to do, because there was already a
set of library routines for talking to WAIS available for Unix as "public
domain" (freeWAIS). I don't think there is such a library of routines for
PC/Windows or Mac, which would make it much more difficult for the Mosaic
versions for Windows and the Mac to add "wais client" capability. Therefore,
at least for now, neither the Windows or Mac versions of Mosaic support
direct query of a WAIS server (i.e. can act as wais clients themselves).
(Up to Table of Contents)
... No matter what no matter what I do to my
.mailcap and .mime.types files?
Answer provided by Ronald E. Daniel (rdaniel at acl.lanl.gov):
Mosaic only looks at the .mime.types file if it has no idea what the
document's type is. This is actually a very rare situation. Essentially all
servers now use the HTTP/1.0 protocol, which means that they tell Mosaic (or
other browsers) what the document's MIME Content-type is. The servers use a
file very much like Mosaic's .mime.types file to infer the Content-type from
the filename's extension.
It is pretty simple to find out if this really is the problem. Use
telnet to talk to the server and find out if it is assigning a MIME type to
the document in question. Here's an example, looking at the home page for my
server. (idaknow: is my shell prompt)
idaknow: telnet www.acl.lanl.gov 80 // Connect to the httpd server
Trying 128.165.148.3 ... Connected to www.acl.lanl.gov. Escape character is
'^]'. HEAD /Home.html HTTP/1.0 // replace Home.html with your document //
you supply the blank line HTTP/1.0 200 OK // the rest of this comes from the
server Date: Wednesday, 25-May-94 19:18:11 GMT Server: NCSA/1.1
MIME-version: 1.0 Content-type: text/html // Here's the MIME Content-type
Last-modified: Monday, 16-May-94 16:21:58 GMT Content-length: 1727
Connection closed by foreign host. idaknow:
In the example above,
/Home.html will get http://www.acl.lanl.gov/Home.html .
Normally servers will be configured to supply a Content-type of
text/plain if they don't know what else to do. If this is the problem you
are having, take a look at the
TypesConfig documentation for
NCSA's httpd.
You can have the server look at the filename extension, supply the correct
Content-type, then use your local .mailcap file to tell Mosaic what viewer
to use to look at the document.
Russ Segal adds:
The answer from Ronald Daniel is essentially correct, but it
needs a small addendum.
When starting Moasic, you can specify a "fileProxy" which will fetch
files for you:
"*fileProxy: http://socks/"
If you do this, file: URLs are no longer strictly local accesses. So
even if the URL is not fttp:, the proxy server must be upgraded as Mr.
Daniel suggests.
(Up to Table of Contents)
Programs that automatically traverse the web can be quite
useful, but have the potential to make a serious mess of things. Robots have
been written which do a "breadth-first" search of the web, exploring many
sites in a gradual fashion instead of aggressively "rooting out" the pages
of one site at a time. Some of these robots now produce excellent indexes of
information available on the web.
But others have written simple depth-first searches which, at the worst,
can bring servers to their knees in minutes by recursively downloading
information from CGI script-based pages that contain an infinite number of
possible links. (Often robots can't realize this!) Imagine what happens when
a robot decides to "index" the CONTENTS of several hundred mpeg movies.
Shudder.
The moral: a robot that does what you want may already exist; if it
doesn't, please study the document
World Wide Web
Robots, Wanderers and Spiders (URL is:
http://web.nexor.co.uk/mak/doc/robots/robots.html ) and learn about the
emerging standards for exclusion of robots from areas in which they are not
wanted. You can also read about existing robots there.
(Up to Table of Contents)
How to do this depends greatly on your system; if you have
a Mac or Windows system, the answer is completely different. But, as food
for thought, here is a simple shell script I use on my Unix account to send
posts from rn and related newsreaders to
Lynx. Put this text in the file "readwebpost" and use
the "chmod" command to make it executable, then put it somewhere in your
path (such as your personal bin directory):
#!/bin/sh echo \<PRE\> > .article.html cat >> .article.html echo
\</PRE\> >> .article.html lynx .article.html < /dev/tty rm
.article.html
Then add the following line to your .rnmac file (create
it if you don't already have one):
W |readwebpost %C
Now, when you press "W" while reading a post
in rn, a message will be sent to Lynx, and the links enclosed in it will be
live.
Larry W. Virden provides the following version which invokes Mosaic
instead, and is also capable of communicating with an already-running copy
of Mosaic instead of launching another. (You can use the same rn macro as
above, invoking "goto-xm" instead of "readwebpost".) Read the comments for
details on the assumptions made by the script.
#! /bin/sh # goto-xm, by Joseph T. Buck <jbuck at eecs.berkeley.edu> #
Modified heavily by Larry W. Virden <lvirden at cas.org> # Script for use
with newsreaders such as trn. Piping the article # through this command
causes xmosaic to pop up, pointing to the # article. If an existing xmosaic
(version 1.1 or later) exists, # the USR1 method will be used to cause it to
point to the correct # article, otherwise a new one will be started. #
assumptions: ps command works as is on SunOS 4.1.x, may need changes # on
other platforms. URL=`/bin/grep '^Message-ID:' | /bin/sed -e
's/.*</news:/' -e 's/>.*//'` if [ "X$URL" = "X" ]; then echo "USAGE: $0
[goto] [once] < USENET_msg" >&2 exit 1 fi pid=`ps -xc | egrep
'[Mm]osaic' | awk 'NR == 1 {print $1}'` p=`which Mosaic`
gfile=/tmp/Mosaic.$pid $p "$URL" & if [ "$#" -gt 0 ] ; then if [ "$1" =
"goto" -o "$1" = "same" ] ; then shift echo "goto" > $gfile else echo
"newwin" > $gfile fi else echo "newwin" > $gfile fi /bin/awk 'END { printf
"'"$URL"'" }' </dev/null >> $gfile trap "echo signal encountered" 30 kill
-USR1 $pid exit 0
See also
MosaicMail (URL is http://www.oac.uci.edu/indiv/ehood/mhonarc.doc.html
), a Perl script which pipes email and/or news to your current Mosaic
session.
(Up to Table of Contents)
YES! If you have a plain old Unix shell account on a Unix
system, such as a SunOS or Ultrix system, you can do one of two things: you
can run
SlipKnot, a special browser which operates using
programs that may already be installed on your shell account (see section
4.3.1), or you can run The Internet Adapter (TIA), a program which provides
a pseudo-SLIP connection. The remainder of this section focuses on TIA.
TIA is
not free software, but there is a free two-week trial period and it
is very cheap to register.
"So what do I run on my machine at home?"
Exactly the same software you would use for real SLIP; as far as your PC
is concerned, it
is a SLIP connection. If you're unfamiliar with SLIP please check
out a newsgroup relevant to your particular type of PC (Windows, Mac, etc).
(This isn't restricted to common systems; because all the emulation happens
on your Unix shell account, your client machine can run anything that
supports SLIP.)
"Details, please! I'm confused."
Check out the TIA home page (URL is
http://marketplace.com/tia/tiahome.html ), or send email to
info at marketplace.com and request details about TIA.
If you have a Macintosh, check out the
Macintosh TIA
Users' FAQ (URL is: ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/bi/billa/tia/faq.html ) for
additional help.
(Up to Table of Contents)
Information providers run programs that the browsers can obtain
hypertext from. These programs can either be WWW servers that understand the
HyperText Transfer Protocol HTTP (best if you are creating your information
database from scratch), "gateway" programs that convert an existing
information format to hypertext, or a non-HTTP server that WWW browsers can
access -- anonymous FTP or gopher, for example.
To learn more about World Wide Web servers, you can consult a
www server primer by Nathan Torkington, available at the URL
http://www.vuw.ac.nz/who/Nathan.Torkington/ideas/www-servers.html .
If you only want to provide information to local users, placing your
information in local files is also an option. This means, however, that
there can be no off-machine access.
(Up to Table of Contents)
Servers are available
for Unix, Macintosh, MS Windows, Windows NT, OS/2, and VMS systems. If you
know of a server for another operating system, please contact me.
See
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Daemon/Overview.html for more
information on writing servers and gateways in general.
(Up to Table of Contents)
- NCSA httpd
- NCSA has released a server, known as the NCSA httpd; it is available at
the URL
ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Web/ncsa_httpd .
- EIT httpd
- EIT has created the Webmaster's Starter Kit, which installs their WWW
server on your system via the web through a painless forms interface.
Recommended for those unfamiliar with server installation. You can learn
more about the starter kit and the EIT httpd at the
starter kit site (URL is
http://wsk.eit.com/wsk/doc/ ).
- CERN httpd
- CERN's server is available for anonymous FTP from info.cern.ch (URL is
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Daemon/Status.html
) and
many other places. Use your local copy of archie to search for "www" in
order to find a nearby site.
- GN Gopher/HTTP server
- The GN server is unique in that it can serve both WWW and Gopher clients
(in their native modes). This is a good server for those migrating from
Gopher to WWW, although it does not have the server-side-script capabilities
of the NCSA and CERN servers. See the URL
http://hopf.math.nwu.edu/.
- Perl server
- There is also a server written in the Perl scripting language, called
Plexus, for which
documentation is available at the URL http://bsdi.com/server/doc/plexus.html
.
-
WN Server
- The
WN Server, available
at the URL http://hopf.math.nwu.edu/docs/manual.html , is designed with an
emphasis on security and flexibility, and takes a different approach from
the NCSA and CERN servers. It provides text searching facilities as a
standard feature.
(Up to Table of Contents)
There is a server
for the Macintosh,
MacHTTP,
available at the URL http://www.uth.tmc.edu/mac_info/machttp_info.html .
(Up to Table of Contents)
- HTTPS (Windows NT)
- HTTPS is a server for Windows NT systems, both Intel and Alpha -- based.
It is available via anonymous FTP from emwac.ed.ac.uk in the directory
pub/https (URL is
ftp://emwac.ed.ac.uk/pub/https). (Be sure to download the version
appropriate to your processor.) You can read a detailed announcement at the
FTP site, or by using the URL
ftp://emwac.ed.ac.uk/pub/https/https.txt.
A professional version is also available
(URL
is http://emwac.ed.ac.uk/html/internet_toolchest/https/prof.htm ).
- NCSA httpd for Windows
- The NCSA httpd for Windows has most of the features of the Unix version,
including scripts (which generate pages on the fly based on user input). It
is available by anonymous FTP from the ftp site ftp.alisa.com in the
directory pub/win-httpd, and documentation can be found at the URL
http://www.alisa.com/win-httpd/index.html .
- SerWeb
- A simple, effective server for Windows writtten by Gustavo Estrella.
Available by anonymous ftp from winftp.cica.indiana.edu (or one of its
mirror sites, such as nic.switch.ch), as the file serweb03.zip, in the
directory /pub/pc/win3/winsock.
There is also a Windows NT version of SerWeb, available by
anonymous FTP from
emwac.ed.ac.uk as /pub/serweb/serweb_i.zip.
- WEB4HAM
- Another Windows-based server, available by anonymous FTP from
ftp.informatik.uni-hamburg.de as /pub/net/winsock/web4ham.zip.
-
OS2HTTPD
- An OS/2 server, written by Frankie Fan. See the home page (URL is
ftp://ftp.netcom.com/pub/kf/kfan/overview.html ) for details, or fetch
the package by anonymous FTP from ftp.netcom.com in the directory
pub/kf/kfan.
(Up to Table of Contents)
- KA9Q
- KA9Q NOS (nos11c.exe) is a internet server package for DOS that
includes HTTP and Gopher servers. It can be obtained via anonymous FTP from
one of the following sites:
inorganic5.chem.ufl.edu biochemistry.cwru.edu
-
GLACI-HTTPD
- GLACI-HTTPD is a Netware Loadable Module which allows a Novell NetWare
server to become a World Wide Web server (URL is
http://www.glaci.com/info/glaci-httpd.html ).
(Up to Table of Contents)
- CERN HTTP for VMS
- A port of the CERN server to VMS. Available
at the URL http://delonline.cern.ch/disk$user/duns/doc/vms/distribution.html
.
- Region 6 Threaded HTTP Server
- A native VMS server which uses DECthreads(tm). This is a potentially
major performance advantage because VMS has a high overhead for each
process, which is a problem for the frequently-forking NCSA and CERN servers
that began life under Unix. A multithreaded server avoids this overhead.
Available at the URL
http://kcgl1.eng.ohio-state.edu/www/doc/serverinfo.html .
(Up to Table of Contents)
NCSA's Unix server
has been ported to the Amiga, and is bundled with the AMosaic browser. See
the URL
http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/AMosaic/home.html for details.
(Up to Table of Contents)
A VM/CMS web server
is available; see the URL
http://ua1vm.ua.edu/~troth/rickvmsw/rickvmsw.html for more information.
If you don't yet have a web browser to try this URL with, check out the
VM/CMS Browsers section.
(Up to Table of Contents)
To find out which server is best for your needs, you will want to
consult
Paul Hoffman's
Server Comparison Chart (URL is
http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/faq/chart.html ). That document is also
available by anonymous FTP from ftp.netcom.com in the directory
pub/bo/boutell/faq.
(Up to Table of Contents)
HTML is the simple
markup system used to create hypertext documents. There are three ways to
produce HTML documents: writing them yourself, which is not a very difficult
skill to acquire, using an HTML editor, which assists in doing the above,
and converting documents in other formats to HTML. The following three
sections cover these possibilities in sequence.
(Up to Table of Contents)
You can
write an HTML document with any text editor. Try the "source" button of your
browser (or "save as" HTML) to look at the HTML for a page you find
particularly interesting. The odds are that it will be a great deal simpler
than you would expect. If you're used to marking up text in any way (even
red-pencilling it), HTML should be rather intuitive.
A
beginner's guide to HTML is available at the URL
http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimer.html . You can also
find a plain text version (at the URL
ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/ncsapubs/WWW/HTMLPrimer.txt) and a compressed
Postscript version (at the URL
ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/ncsapubs/WWW/HTMLPrimer.ps.Z). (Since the latter
two are FTP URLs, you can fetch them by hand using FTP if you do not yet
have a web browser.)
There is also an
HTML primer by Nathan Torkington at the URL
http://www.vuw.ac.nz/who/Nathan.Torkington/ideas/www-html.html .
(Up to Table of Contents)
Of course, most folks would
still prefer to use a friendlier, graphical editor. Some editors are WYSIWYG
(What You See Is What You Get), or close to it; others simply assist you in
writing HTML by plugging in the desired markup tags for you from a menu.
Fans of the EMACS editor can use EMACS and
html-helper-mode , an
EMACS "mode" for HTML editing (URL is http://www.reed.edu/~nelson/tools/).
There is also another Emacs HTML mode,
html-mode.el
(URL is ftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Web/html/elisp/html-mode.el).
For Microsoft Windows users, there is an editor called HTML Assistant
with features to assist in the creation of HTML documents. It can be had by
anonymous FTP from
ftp.cs.dal.ca
in the directory
/htmlasst/
. Read the README.1ST file in this directory for
information on which files to download.
ANT_HTML.DOT is a Word for
Windows 6.0 template designed to convert Word documents into HTML documents
in a WYSIWYG environment. It includes a demo version of the ANT_PLUS
utility, which converts HTML files to WYSIWYG. ANT_PLUS also converts HTML
files to ASCII, RTF, or any other format possible in Word 6.0. Contact
jswift at freenet.fsu.edu if you need more information.
A WYSIWYG editor for the Web, SoftQuad HoTMetaL, is available for
downloading at NCSA and numerous other sites. Many mirror sites exist; if
you can't get through to one, try another, don't give up! That's what mirror
sites are for. (Also be sure to use the copy closest to you geographically
if possible.) Hotmetal is available for both Sun Sparc systems and Windows
systems; note that Windows users need at least 6 megabytes of free memory.
(A 2-megabyte swap file should just barely do the trick on a 4MB machine.)
Known mirrors:
You need a Sun SPARC or Microsoft Windows system and 6MB of disk
(6MB of RAM minimum for MS Windows; swap files count). Other Unix systems
may be supported by the time you read this; have a look on one of the sites
above.
Because it is context-sensitive, HoTMetaL guides users in creating new
HTML documents and in cleaning up old ones. A Publish command changes
appropriate SRC and HREF attributes from local paths to http locations. For
more information,
FTP the
README file from the same directory, or send email to hotmetal at sq.com. A
HoTMetaL Pro commercially supported version is available for purchase from
SoftQuad and its resellers.
Also see
Gabriel White's reviews of MS Windows HTML editors (URL is
http://werple.mira.net.au/%7Egabriel/web/html/editors/ ). Another option, if
you have an SGML editor, is to use it with the
HTML
DTD (URL is http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/DTDHeading.html ).
An editor for all X users:
TkWWW (listed above under X browsers) supports
WYSIWYG HTML editing; and since it's a browser, you can try out links
immediately after creating them.
Another editor for X users:
Phoenix (URL is http://www.bsd.uchicago.edu/ftp/pub/phoenix/README.html
) is a fully WYSIWYG HTML editor which insulates the user from direct
control of the HTML tags. Available by anonymous FTP from
www.bsd.uchicago.edu in the pub/phoenix subdirectory.
Also for X users, there is a package called htmltext which supports
WYSIWYG HTML editing. More information is available at the URL
http://web.cs.city.ac.uk/homes/njw/htmltext/htmltext.html .
For Macintosh users, there is a near-WYSIWYG package called
HTML Editor (URL
is http://dragon.acadiau.ca:1667/~giles/HTML_Editor).
ANT_HTML is a Word for the Macintosh template designed to convert Word
documents into HTML documents in a WYSIWYG environment. It includes a demo
version of the ANT_PLUS utility, which converts HTML files to WYSIWYG.
ANT_PLUS also converts HTML files to ASCII, RTF, or any other format
possible in Word. At the time of this writing it was scheduled to have been
released on the Macintosh (it has long been available for Windows). Contact
jswift at freenet.fsu.edu for more information. Also for Macintosh users,
the
BBEdit HTML extensions allow the BBEdit and BBEdit Lite text editors for
the Macintosh to conveniently edit HTML documents. (URL is
http://www.uji.es/bbedit-html-extensions.html .) You can also obtain the
extensions package by anonymous ftp from sumex-aim.stanford.edu as
info-mac/bbedit-html-ext-b3.hqx.
There is an
alternative BBEdit
extension package available as well
(URL is
http://www.york.ac.uk/~ld11/BBEditTools.html
). it is
available by FTP from ftp.york.ac.uk in the directory
/pub/users/ld11/BBEdit_HTML_Tools.sea.hqx
.
NCSA's List of Filters and Editors, for which the URL is
http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/faq-software.html#editors,
mentions several editors, including two for MS Windows. In some cases, the
"editor" amounts to a set of macros for an existing word processor, which
can provide a near-WYSIWYG environment.
Note that this URL contains uppercase and lowercase letters; certain
operating systems won't allow mixed case on the command line, or will only
allow it if it is quoted (VMS), so if you are launching Lynx or another
client and specifying a URL at the command line, try quoting the URL in
double-quotes ("URL").
(Up to Table of Contents)
There
is a collection of filters for converting your existing documents (in TeX
and other non-HTML formats) into HTML automatically, including filters that
can allow more or less WYSIWYG editing using various word processors:
Rich
Brandwein and Mike Sendall's List at CERN (URL is
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/Tools/Filters.html ).
(Note that this URL contains uppercase and lowercase letters; certain
operating systems such as VMS require you to quote mixed-case URLs when
launching a borwser from the command line. This is NOT a bug in the
browser.)
There is also a Word for Windows template for writing HTML documents,
available at the URL
http://www.gatech.edu/word_html/release.htm
.
(Up to Table of Contents)
Tools to
validate your HTML documents (check them for errors) are available. There is
a form at the URL
http://www.hal.com/%7Econnolly/html-test/service/validation-form.html
which will check HTML documents for errors according to the latest
specification; note that you are encouraged to set up the program on your
own system if you make heavy use of the form. There is also a tool which
will check the links in your documents for links to nonexistent resources,
such as pages that have moved (URL is
http://wsk.eit.com/wsk/dist/doc/admin/webtest/verify_links.html ).
Also try
weblint
(URL is http://www.khoros.unm.edu/staff/neilb/weblint.html ), a Perl script
that checks your HTML for errors; you can even try it out over the web
through an HTML form. The script is available by anonymous FTP from
ftp.khoros.unm.edu in the directory pub/perl/www.
Another such tool is
htmlchek (URL
is: http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~churchh/htmlchek.html ), which checks HTML
documents for errors, creates a cross-reference, automatically expands
entities (such as European characters) to their proper HTML form, and
performs other useful services. htmlchek is available by anonymous FTP from
ftp.cs.buffalo.edu in the directory pub/htmlchek.
(Up to Table of Contents)
There are
several things you can do to publicize your new HTML server or other
offering:
- Post to
comp.infosystems.www.announce.
PLEASE READ THE CHARTER POSTING FIRST. In general, always read a newsgroup
first to familiarize yourself before posting to it.
- Submit it to the
NCSA What's New Page at the URL
http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/Docs/whats-new.html (see the
page for details on how to submit your listing!).
- Post it to the newsgroup comp.infosystems.announce. Please read the
group first to get a feel for the contents. You should not post to
comp.infosystems.www.users,.misc,.providers, etc., but if you feel compelled
to do so, please choose .misc as announcements are of interest to both
providers and users (and those who wear both hats).
- Submit it to the maintainers of various catalogs, such as the
WWW Virtual Library (at the URL
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/DataSources/bySubject/Overview.html ) and the
ALIWEB index
(at the URL http://web.nexor.co.uk/aliweb/doc/aliweb.html ).
- Read Gareth Rees' guide to publishing on the World Wide Web. (URL is
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/gdr11/publish.html ).
(Up to Table of Contents)
Yes,
you can. A list of sites offering WWW space for lease is available
(at the URL
http://union.ncsa.uiuc.edu/www/leasing.shtml
).
(Up to Table of Contents)
The following response to this very-frequently-asked-question was provided
by Mike Meyer (mwm at contessa.phone.net).
The answer is "It depends." What it depends on is what kind of
things you want to provide on your server. Here are some rules of thumb to
use when deciding what kind of connection you need for your server.
The first rule of thumb is:
Don't worry about simultaneous access.
Unless you have a very large site, simultaneous access is not a problem.
If you have a very large site, you need as much bandwidth as you can afford.
There is a bit more about this below.
The second rule of thumb is:
It should take at most 5 seconds to send a page.
The five second rule dates from command line days, when that was about
how long people would wait before getting impatient with the system. It
seems like a reasonable number to use now.
Since external images/audio/etc. are somewhat exceptional, allow more
time for them. If you think they should have the same restrictions as above,
buy the bandwidth your site will need to do so. However, the rule of thumb
for external images/audio/etc is:
It should take at most 30 seconds to send an external file.
Given these rules, it's pretty straightforward to work out how large an
HTML page and external files can be. At least, it's easy after you simplify
things by ignoring IP overhead on the line, compression on modem lines, and
anything that's less than 10% of the total (or even a little bit more than
10%).
The one simplification not to ignore is the multiple packet round-trips
it takes to get data flowing through an HTTP channel. For modem lines, this
is nearly a second for each HTTP connection, which is significant. For
leased lines, it's more like .1 or .2 seconds, which is not significant.
On a 14.4 line assumed to be sending 1.4K bytes of data/second, with a 1
second startup, you get 4 * 1.4 or 5.6K of HTML. If you want to include a
single inline image, that's 2 seconds of startup, so you're down to 3 * 1.4
or 4.2K of HTML + image. This means smallish HTML pages, and simple inline
images. For external files, you get 29 * 1.4 or 40K, which is still a small
image. If you have a 28.8 line, you get to double those figures; for a 9600
line, figure 2/3rds of that size.
On a 56K leased line assumed to be sending 5K/second, you get 25K of
HTML, or mixed HTML/data. For external images, it's 150K. That should cover
any reasonable HTML document, and small to medium external files. An MPEG
movie might be a bit much.
With a T1 line assumed to be sending 150K/second, you get 750K of HTML,
or 4.5 megabytes in an external file. Barring very large animations, this
should be sufficient for anything you want to serve. More would be faster,
but it also gets drastically more expensive.
Given the above guidelines, let's look at simultaneous access again.
Under the worst case conditions, you're using all of your line for HTML
pages, each of which takes 5 seconds to send, so your server is sending 12
pages a minute, or 720 pages an hour, or 17,000 pages a day (pages, not
accesses; each inline image in a page generates an access, unless the client
cached it). This makes you one of the busier sites on the web. While you'll
have contention problems before you get to this point, anything but a modem
connection will be sending most pages in a small fraction of five seconds,
which should leave plenty of bandwidth with no contention. If you have this
kind of access rates on a modem line, you should seriously consider
upgrading your connection.
The bottom line on simultaneous access is that the WWW server is more
likely to have contention with other uses of the line than with itself.
Since I don't know what else you use your line for, I can't factor it in.
You'll have to consider that issue yourself.
(Up to Table of Contents)
There are really two issues here: how to indicate in HTML that you want
an image to be clickable, and how to configure your server to do something
with the clicks returned by Mosaic, Chimera, and other clients capable of
delivering them.
You can read about
image
maps and the NCSA server at the URL
http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/docs/setup/admin/Imagemap.html .
Using imagemaps requires that you create a map file; you can do this by
hand or with a WYSIWYG tool.
VERY IMPORTANT: Creating imagemaps requires a real web
server (not an FTP server) and a cooperative web server administrator. It is
not usually as simple as wrapping a link around an IMG SRC tag and adding
the ISMAP directive; the server must also be told about the map file, and
the way to accomplish this varies from server to server. So read your server
documentation, and don't waste time making maps before making sure you have
the necessary tools to deliver them.
-
Mapedit
- Mapedit (URL is:
http://sunsite.unc.edu/boutell/mapedit/mapedit.html
) is a
WYSIWYG imagemap editing tool for Microsoft Windows and the X Window System.
-
MapMaker
- For users of John Bradley's
xv image display software for the X Window System, Mapmaker
can turn the miniature images created by xv's Visual Schnauzer into an
imagemap. This is useful if you would like to make an entire directory of
images available (but note that you should also make textual links to allow
those with text- based browsers to download the images for external
viewing). (URL is: http://icg.stwing.upenn.edu:80/~mengwong/mapmaker.html )
- WebMap
- On the Macintosh, you may want to use WebMap (URL is
ftp://ftp.uwtc.washington.edu/pub/Mac/Network/WWW ). . It produces both
NCSA and CERN-compatible maps, which can also be used with MacImagemap and a
Macintosh-based server (MacImagemap is found in the same directory).
Alternatively, you may want to use MacMapMaker, also available from
ftp://ftp.uwtc.washington.edu/pub/Mac/Network/WWW (the same directory).
- Tkmapedit
- For Unix systems and other systems on which the Tk/Tcl language toolkit
has been installed, Tkmapedit provides a WYSIWYG imagemap editor which is
capable of directly testing links if the
tkWWW web browser is available. Available by
anonymous FTP from the TCL archive on ftp.aud.alcatel.com.
(Up to Table of Contents)
Such links are useful when a form is intended to perform some action on
the server machine without sending new information to the client, or when a
user has clicked in an undefined area in an image map; these are just two
possibilities.
Rob McCool of NCSA
provided the following wisdom on the subject:
Yechezkal-Shimon Gutfreund (sg04 at gte.com) wrote: : Ok, here is another
bizzare request from me: : I am currently running scripts which I "DO NOT"
want to return : any visible result. That is, not text/plain, not text/HTML,
not : image/gif. The entire results are the side effects of the : script and
nothing should be returned to the viewer. : It would be nice to have an
internally supported null viewer : so that I could do this, more "cleanly"
(ok, ok, I hear your groans).
HTTP now supports a response code of 204, which is no operation. Some
browsers such as Mosaic/X 2.* support it. To use it, make your script a nph
script and output an HTTP/1.0 204 header. Something like:
HTTP/1.0 204 No response Server: Myscript/NCSA httpd 1.1
(You can learn more about nph scripts from the
NCSA server documentation at
the URL http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/docs.) Essentially they are scripts that
handle their own HTTP response codes.
(Up to Table of Contents)
Writing an HTML form is easy, but the form doesn't accomplish
anything until you write a CGI program to interpret the results on the
server side! For more information, see
section 5.7.14.
See the section on
email forms for a simple solution to the most
commonly desired form.
(Up to Table of Contents)
Use
INPUT TYPE=hidden
. An example:
<INPUT TYPE=hidden NAME=state VALUE="hidden info to be returned
with form">
By now, most browsers can handle the hidden type, but
understand that some browsers will fail to hide the field (and probably
confuse the user). Note that "hidden" doesn't mean "secret"; the user can
always click on "view source".
(Up to Table of Contents)
There are two ways:
- Using a mailto: URL
- You can simply create a link which looks like this:
<A HREF="mailto:me at my.address">Send Me Mail</A>
This works great for browsers that support the mailto: URL. Perhaps 80%
of web users will be able to use such a link. But not all browsers support
it.
- Installing an email form
- If you have access to the server's configuration files, or if your
server administrator permits users to create their own CGI scripts, you can
create a form which sends mail to you from any browser that supports forms.
I've written a simple
email forms package (URL is:
http://siva.cshl.org/email/index.html ), which does it in ANSI C. There
is also a package written in Perl, known as the
WWW Mailto
Gateway (URL is http://www.mps.ohio-state.edu/mailto/mailto_info.html ).
GetComments (URL is:
http://everest.cs.ucdavis.edu/~hoagland/getcomments.html) is a more general
package, also written in Perl, which can handle many different types of
comment forms.
If you want to learn how these forms actually work, see
section 5.7.14.
(Up to Table of Contents)
Use the <!-- tag at the beginning of EACH line commented out; close
this for EACH line with the --> tag. Note that comments do not nest, and the
sequence "--" may not appear inside a comment except as part of the closing
--> tag. (It's officially allowed, but some browsers won't handle it
properly.)
You should
not try to use this to "comment out" HTML that would
otherwise be shown to the user, since some browsers (notably Mosaic) will
still pay attention to tags inside the comment and close it prematurely.
Thanks to Joe English for clearing up this issue.
(Up to Table of Contents)
Tables are a standard feature in
HTML Level 3, a new version of HTML. Unfortunately,
they are at present implemented only by the latest NCSA Mosaic versions and
the
Viola and
Emacs-W3 browsers, to my knowledge. In addition, most
implementations are incomplete. In some implementations, at the time of this
writing, text in tables cannot be selected and/or cannot be a link.
However, there is a way to use HTML Level 3 tables now and convert
them automatically to HTML, allowing you to design proper tables and install
those pages directly when table support arrives in the majority of clients.
You can do this using the
html+tables package, by Brooks Cutter (bcutter at paradyne.com), which is
available for anonymous ftp from sunsite.unc.edu in the directory
pub/packages/infosystems/WWW/tools/html+tables.shar. This package requires
the shell language Perl, which is primarily used on Unix systems but is also
available for other systems (such as MSDOS machines). html+tables accepts
HTML Level 3 and outputs html using the <PRE>...</PRE> construct to
represent tables, allowing you to write HTML Level 3 now, knowing that it
will look better when clients are ready for it.
(Up to Table of Contents)
HTML Level 3, also known as HTML+, is an enhanced version
of HTML designed to address some of the limitations of HTML. HTML Level 3
supports true
tables, right-justified text, centered text, line
breaks that do not double space, and many other desired features.
However, most clients support only a handful of HTML Level 3 features
(such as the partial implementation of tables in Mosaic) at the time of this
writing. If you have access to a Unix system with the X Window System
installed, you can try out many features of HTML Level 3 using the
experimental
Arena browser.
You can access information about new developments in HTML at the CERN
server
(at the URL
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/MarkUp.html
).
(HTML Level 1 is the original version. HTML Level 2 is essentially the
same, but with the addition of forms.)
(Up to Table of Contents)
Transparent GIFs are useful because they appear
to blend in smoothly with the user's display, even if the user has set a
background color that differs from that the developer expected. They do this
by assigning one color to be transparent -- if the web browser supports
transparency, that color will be replaced by the browser's background color,
whatever it may be.
Interlaced GIFs appear first with poor resolution and then improve in
resolution until the entire image has arrived, as opposed to arriving
linearly from the top row to the bottom row. This is great to get a quick
idea of what the entire image will look like while waiting for the rest.
This doesn't do much for you if your web browser doesn't support progressive
display as the image is downloaded, but non-progressive-display web browsers
will still display interlaced GIFs once they have arrived in their entirety.
To create transparent and interlaced GIFs, check out David Koblas'
giftool, a program which can
manipulate those options and many more aspects of your GIF file.
In addition, there is a document explaining transparent GIFs available
at the URL
http://melmac.corp.harris.com/transparent_images.html . You can
fetch
the program giftrans by anonymous ftp from ftp.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de at
the path /pub/net/www/tools/giftrans.c.
There is also a
Perl Script (URL is:
http://www.omron.co.jp:80/~jfriedl/perl/ ) which makes transparent GIFs.
There is also a utility for the Macintosh,
Transparency (URL is:
http://www.med.cornell.edu/~giles/projects.html#transparency
).
(Up to Table of Contents)
The
mailto:
URL is a feature found in Lynx, Netscape, Spry Mosaic,
the latest NCSA Mosaics, Emacs w3 mode and many other browsers. In general,
about 80% of web browsers support mailto: at the time of this writing.
However, it is not in numerous older browsers. In the meantime, you can set
up forms which send mail to you; see
Section 5.7.3.2.
(Up to Table of Contents)
All major servers have features that allow you to limit
access to particular sites, and many clients have authentication features
that allow you to identify specific users. There is a
tutorial on security and user authentication with the NCSA server and
Mosaic available, written by Marc Andreessen (URL is
http://wintermute.ncsa.uiuc.edu:8080/auth-tutorial/tutorial.html ). See your
server documentation for further information.
(Up to Table of Contents)
JPEG does a better job with realistic images such as scanned
photographs. Most browsers cannot handle inline JPEGs, however, so you must
link to them as external images (using a regular <A HREF...> instead of
<IMG SRC...>).
GIF does a better job with crisp, sharp images, such as those typically
used to construct buttons, graphs and the like. All browsers that can
display graphics at all can display GIFs inline.
(Up to Table of Contents)
Scripts are available to do this, but at this time they are not very
friendly to the server you are attempting to mirror; their behavior
resembles that of the more poorly written
WWW robots. If you are trying to improve access times
to a distant server, you will likely find the "proxy" capabilities of
CERN's WWW
server to be a more effective and general solution to your problem.
(Up to Table of Contents)
Programs that automatically traverse the web can be quite
useful, but have the potential to make a serious mess of things. Every so
often someone will write a "depth-first" searching robot that brings servers
to their knees. See the section on
writing robots (4.10) for details.
Fortunately, most robots on the web follow a simple protocol by which
you can keep them off your server if you wish, or keep them out of portions
of your server which are robot traps (ie, they contain an infinite number of
possible links). Read the document
World Wide Web
Robots, Wanderers and Spiders (URL is:
http://web.nexor.co.uk/mak/doc/robots/robots.html ) and learn about the
emerging standards for exclusion of robots from areas in which they are not
wanted. You can also read about existing robots there, including useful
cataloging robots you probably do
not want to keep off your server.
(Up to Table of Contents)
There are several tools which can generate statistics about
your web server:
-
getstats
- getstats is a versatile log analyzer, also written in C, which provides
reports for various time periods with a high degree of flexibility. Add-on
packages have been written to generate reports in HTML and also to generate
graphs. You can access the getstats home page for more information (URL is
http://www.eit.com/software/getstats/getstats.html ), or obtain the
package by anonymous FTP from ftp.eit.com in the directory
/pub/web.software/getstats.
-
WebStat
- WebStat is a package written in the language Python which supplies
statistics on usage by domain, country, etc., with daily, weekly, monthly
and annual reports available. You will need Python in order to use it. See
the WebStat home page (URL is
http://www.pegasus.esprit.ec.org/people/sijben/statistics/advertisment.html
) for details, or obtain Python from ftp.cwi.nl in the directory
/pub/python and WebStat from ftp.pegasus.esprit.ec.org in the directory
/pub/misc.
-
Wusage
- Wusage, which I wrote, is a C program which generates simple weekly
reports in HTML, with inline image graphs displaying server growth and the
distribution of accesses by continent. You can also exclude irrelevant
accesses (inline images, local machines, etc.) from the results. Read the
Wusage home page (URL is
http://siva.cshl.org/wusage.html
) for more information, or obtain Wusage by anonymous FTP from
isis.cshl.org in the directory pub/wusage.
-
wwwstat
- wwwstat is a full-featured log analyzer written in the language Perl.
(See the newsgroup comp.lang.perl for more information about the language.)
See the wwwstat home page (URL is
http://www.ics.uci.edu/WebSoft/wwwstat/) for more information, or obtain
the package by anonymous FTP from liege.ics.uci.edu in the directory
/pub/arcadia/wwwstat. See also
gwstat (URL is
http://dis.cs.umass.edu/stats/gwstat.html ), a package which produces GIF
graphs from the output of wwwstat.
(Up to Table of Contents)
No, you will not need to write a
custom server. Most web servers support one variation or another of a
standard for adding your own programs to the web server. The standard is
called CGI (Common Gateway Interface).
Marc Hedlund has written a FAQ on CGI programming
(URL is:
http://www.halcyon.com/hedlund/cgi-faq/ ) which makes a good
introduction to the subject. The standard itself can be found at NCSA
(URL is:
http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/ ).
(Up to Table of Contents)
If you want to generate GIF images on the fly as part of
your application, examine the gd library
(URL is:
http://siva.cshl.org/gd/gd.html ).
Hint: your HTML page and your inline images are separate documents
with separate URLs. Generate them in response to separate requests! (Yes,
there are tricks to speed this up, but be careful not to break inline images
on HTML pages you didn't write that refer to your gd-generated image.)
It's also possible to use gnuplot and the pbmplus utilities. This is
slower, but can require less programming if gnuplot is sufficient for your
purposes. (See archie for both tools.)
(Up to Table of Contents)
6: Where can I discuss the World Wide Web?
You can
find discussion of World Wide Web topics in three newsgroups, and one
newsgroup which will soon be removed:
-
comp.infosystems.www.users
- A forum for the discussion of WWW client software and its use in
contacting various Internet information sources. New user questions, client
setup questions, client bug reports, resource-discovery questions on how to
locate information on the web that can't be found by the means detailed in
the FAQ and comparison between various client packages are among the
acceptable topics for this group. Please specify what browser and what
system type (Windows, Mac, Unix, etc.) your post is about if you are asking
questions about a specific program.
-
comp.infosystems.www.providers
- A forum for the discussion of WWW server software and the use of said
software to present information to users. General server design, setup
questions, server bug reports, security issues, HTML page design and other
concerns of information providers are among the likely topics for this
group.
-
comp.infosystems.www.misc
- A forum for general discussion of WWW (World Wide Web)- related topics
that are NOT covered by the other newsgroups in the hierarchy. This will
likely include discussions of the Web's future, politicking regarding
changes in the structure and protocols of the web that affect both clients
and servers, et cetera.
-
comp.infosystems.www.announce
- A moderated forum for the announcement of new and updated World Wide Web
resources and software.
- comp.infosystems.www (DEFUNCT)
- The old catch-all newsgroup, which may still exist on your system but
was officially removed on September 7th, 1994, according to David Lawrence,
moderator of news.announce.newgroups. If your system still carries this
group, ask your administrator to remove it.
(Up to Table of Contents)
- www-talk at info.cern.ch
- Address: www-talk at info.cern.ch for CONTRIBUTIONS ONLY. Administration:
listserv at info.cern.ch (robot) www-talk-request at info.cern.ch (human).
Description: Technical discussion, W3 related. Experts to experts. General
questions to the newsgroups, please. Archive: Not currently served, but
kept.
- www-announce at info.cern.ch
- Address: www-announce at info.cern.ch. NOT FOR GENERAL USE - serious
low-volume announcements only. Administration: listserv at info.cern.ch
(robot), www-announce-request at info.cern.ch (human). Description: Low volume
summary announcemements of product releases, etc. Archive: Not currently
public.
(Up to Table of Contents)
To find out more, use the web. This FAQ hopefully provides enough
information for you to locate and install a browser on your system. If you
have system specific questions regarding FTP, networking and the like,
please consult newsgroups relevant to your particular hardware and operating
system!
Once you're up and running, you may wish to consult the
World Wide Web Primer by Nathan Torkington. It is available at the URL
http://www.vuw.ac.nz/who/Nathan.Torkington/ideas/www-primer.html .
Later you may return to this FAQ for answers to some of the more
advanced questions. I encourage you to check out the changes listed early in
the document each time the FAQ appears.
(Up to Table of Contents)
Maintainer (11/93 to present):
Thomas Boutell,
boutell at netcom.com
Former Maintainer (until 11/93): Nathan Torkington,
Nathan.Torkington at vuw.ac.nz
(Up to Table of Contents)